Geography (new cards)

Year 7

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What is development?

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Geography (new cards) · Development1 / 9

Questions

  • What is development?
  • Define the term 'development' in geography.
  • What do geographers mean when they talk about a country's development?
  • How would you explain the concept of development to someone who hasn't studied it?

Key words

Development — progress of a countryDevelopment Gap — rich vs poor differenceHIC — High Income CountryLIC — Low Income CountryNEE — Newly Emerging EconomyHDI — Human Development Index

Say it

Development is how far a country has progressed in terms of money, technology and the well-being of its people. We can compare countries using the development gap, which shows the difference in living standards between the richest and poorest countries.

Example

LIC (Low income, limited technology, poor well-being) → HIC (High income, advanced technology, high well-being)

Geography (new cards) · Development2 / 9

Questions

  • What are development indicators and why do we use them?
  • Name and explain the development indicators used to measure how developed a country is.
  • How can development indicators tell us whether a country is developing or developed?
  • Give examples of development indicators and explain what they show about a country.

Key words

Development Indicators — measure of developmentBirth Rate — births per 1000 per yearDeath Rate — deaths per 1000 per yearLife Expectancy — average age lived toLiteracy Rate — % who can read and writeGNI — Gross National Income

Say it

Development indicators are pieces of information we use to measure how developed a country is. Things like birth rate, life expectancy and literacy rate all give us clues — for example, if infant mortality is high it suggests poor healthcare, which means the country is likely developing.

Example

Developing country (High birth rate, high infant mortality, low literacy rate) → Developed country (Low birth rate, low infant mortality, high literacy rate)

Geography (new cards) · Development3 / 9

Questions

  • What is the Brandt Line and is it still relevant today?
  • Describe the global pattern of development shown by the Brandt Line.
  • Evaluate whether the Brandt Line is still a useful way of dividing the world.
  • How does the distribution of rich and poor countries support or challenge the Brandt Line?

Key words

Brandt Line — north/south divideNorthern Hemisphere — mostly developedSouthern Hemisphere — mostly developingAnomaly — AustralasiaHDI — Human Development IndexNEE — Newly Emerging Economy

Say it

The Brandt Line, drawn in the 1980s, divides the world into a richer north and a poorer south. It's still relevant because Africa is still largely poor and the USA and Europe are still rich — but countries like China and Brazil have grown much wealthier, which shows the line is becoming out of date.

Example

Still relevant (Africa still mostly developing; USA and Europe still rich) → Out of date (Brazil and China are now much richer — don't fit the north/south split)

Geography (new cards) · Development4 / 9

Questions

  • What factors can encourage a country to develop?
  • Explain how physical and human factors can positively affect a country's development.
  • Why do some countries develop faster than others? Give reasons that encourage development.
  • Give and explain at least three factors that can help a country to develop.

Key words

Stable government — taxes for schools/hospitalsCoastline — trade advantageNatural resources — coal, oil, fertile soilInfrastructure — roads, transportLoans — improve transport/imports/exportsHardworking population — attracts companies

Say it

Countries develop faster when they have things like a strong government that collects taxes and spends them on schools and hospitals, access to natural resources like oil, or a coastline that makes trade easy. These advantages help attract companies, create jobs and improve people's quality of life.

Example

Landlocked country (No ports, difficult to trade, slower development) → Coastal country (Has ports, easy trade with other countries, faster development)

Geography (new cards) · Development5 / 9

Questions

  • What factors can hinder or slow a country's development?
  • Explain how physical and human factors can negatively affect development.
  • Why do some countries struggle to develop? Give reasons that hold development back.
  • Give and explain at least three factors that can prevent a country from developing.

Key words

Corrupt government — takes money from peopleLandlocked — no ports for tradePrimary products — low value goodsDrought/famine — no food or waterTrade deficit — spending more than earningHigh crime — deters industry

Say it

Countries can be held back by things like a corrupt government that steals money instead of spending it on services, or being landlocked with no ports to trade. Relying on primary products like raw crops also keeps countries poor because they don't earn much compared to manufactured goods.

Example

Primary product reliance (Sells raw cocoa beans at low prices — little profit to invest in schools or hospitals) → Manufactured goods (Sells chocolate at much higher prices — more profit for development)

Geography (new cards) · Development6 / 9

Questions

  • What are the different types of aid?
  • Describe and explain the different types of aid that can be given to developing countries.
  • What is the difference between bilateral, multilateral and voluntary aid?
  • Compare short-term and long-term aid, giving examples of each.

Key words

Bilateral Aid — government to governmentMultilateral Aid — UN, WHO, multiple countriesVoluntary Aid — NGOs like OxfamShort-term Aid — crisis reliefLong-term Aid — education and developmentNGO — Non-Government Organisation

Say it

There are several types of aid — bilateral aid goes from one government to another and often comes with conditions, while multilateral aid involves organisations like the UN. Voluntary aid comes from charities like Oxfam with no political strings attached. Short-term aid helps in a crisis, but long-term aid is better because it teaches skills that last.

Example

Short-term aid (Food and water sent after a hurricane — helps immediately but doesn't solve the root problem) → Long-term aid (Teaching farming skills over years — helps people become self-sufficient)

Geography (new cards) · Development7 / 9

Questions

  • What makes aid effective or ineffective?
  • Explain the difference between 'good aid' and 'bad aid'.
  • What are the advantages and disadvantages of giving aid to developing countries?
  • How can aid sometimes make development worse rather than better?

Key words

Dependency — relying on others long-termSelf-sufficient — able to provide for yourselfCorruption — aid misused by governmentDebt — loans that must be repaidSkills — knowledge passed onInfrastructure — water pumps, roads

Say it

Good aid gives people skills and simple equipment they can maintain themselves — like teaching farming or providing a basic water pump. Bad aid can create dependency, like just giving food year after year, or handing money to a corrupt government that might keep it for themselves.

Example

Bad aid (Giving computers that need electricity, spare parts and experts to fix — recipient becomes dependent on donor) → Good aid (Teaching farming skills so people can feed themselves and pass knowledge on)

Geography (new cards) · Development8 / 9

Questions

  • What is Tree Aid and how does it help development in the Sahel?
  • Explain how Tree Aid is an example of appropriate and sustainable aid.
  • Describe the work of Tree Aid in Mali and explain why it is successful.
  • How does Tree Aid address both environmental and development problems in Africa?

Key words

Tree Aid — NGO in the SahelMali — location of Tree AidDesertification — fertile land becomes desertAppropriate Technology — suited to local needsSustainability — long-term social, economic, environmental benefitsSahel — region of Africa

Say it

Tree Aid is a British NGO working in Mali in the Sahel region of Africa. People were cutting down trees for fuel which was causing droughts and desertification. Tree Aid gave out tree seeds, bikes and donkey carts, and taught people how to look after the trees so they could become self-sufficient — it's sustainable because it brings food, money and environmental benefits.

Example

Before Tree Aid (Trees cut down, soil eroded, droughts worsening, little food or income) → After Tree Aid (7.2 million trees planted, 450,000 people helped, more food, higher literacy rates)

Geography (new cards) · Development9 / 9

Questions

  • What is Fairtrade and how can it help developing countries?
  • Explain the advantages and disadvantages of Fairtrade.
  • Is Fairtrade an effective way of reducing poverty in developing countries?
  • How does Fairtrade work and what are its benefits for producers?

Key words

Fairtrade — fair prices for developing world producersProducer — makes or grows goods for saleDeveloping countries — less developed economyWorking conditions — fair and safe environmentHigher price — customer pays morePoverty — lack of money and resources

Say it

Fairtrade means that producers in developing countries get a fair price for their goods like cocoa, coffee and cotton. This gives them enough money to buy food and medicine, and it creates jobs and taxes for the government. However, Fairtrade products cost more, so customers might not buy them, and non-Fairtrade workers can end up earning even less.

Example

Without Fairtrade (Cocoa farmer paid very little — can't afford food, medicine or school for children) → With Fairtrade (Farmer receives a fair price — can afford basics and children can attend school)